|
TERMS FOR GROUPS OF ANIMALS, BIRDS AND
INSECTS
Ever wondered what the collective noun is for various groups of animals,
birds or insects? Here are
some of the obvious and not so obvious.
I would, however, like to point out that these terms have
not been officially "authenticated".
Some more terms for other species and the more
"unusual" suggestions can be found here.
ANIMAL |
TERM |
| ANTELOPES |
A HERD
of antelopes. |
| ANTS |
A COLONY of ants.
Courtesy of Melissa Bee
- thanks.
An ARMY
of ants. A STATE
or SWARM of
ants. |
APES |
A SHREWDNESS of apes |
ASSES |
A HERD or PACE
of asses A DROVE
of asses. |
| BABOONS |
A TROOP
of baboons
Courtesy of Michael Haberl |
| BACTERIA |
A CULTURE
of
bacteria.
Chris Moffatt |
BADGERS |
A CETE of badgers |
| BARRACUDAS |
A BATTERY
of barracudas. |
| BASS |
A SHOAL
of bass.
Courtesy of Melissa Bee. |
| BATS |
A COLONY
of bats.
Courtesy of Melissa Bee.
A CLOUD
of bats.
Keith Harris
|
BEARS |
A SLOTH or SLEUTH
of bears |
| BEAVERS |
A COLONY
of beavers.
A FAMILY
of beavers.
|
BEES |
A GRIST, HIVE, SWARM, DRIFT or BIKE of bees A
CLUSTER, ERST
or NEST of bees. |
BIRDS |
A FLOCK, FLIGHT, or PARCEL of birds.
A POD of birds (small flock)
A VOLARY of birds (in an
aviary)
A BRACE = a pair of gamebirds
or waterfowl *
* Courtesy of Melissa Bee.
A DISSIMULATION
of birds.
Phillip Joss |
| BISON |
A HERD
of bison. |
| BITTERNS |
A SEDGE
of bitterns.
Courtesy of Melissa Bee. |
BOAR
(WILD) |
A SOUNDER or SINGULAR
of wild boar |
| BOBOLINKS |
A CHAIN
of bobolinks (whatever they might be!!)
Courtesy of Melissa
Bee.
Just in case there is anyone else out
there who, like me, doesn't know what a Bobolink is I have been
reliably informed by Amelia B., that it
is a small bird. The male is black and white with a yellow cap
on his head and the female is golden brown with brown markings.
Another name for a bobolink is a
whippoorwill***
(their call sounds a little like someone saying the word
whippoorwill).
Thanks to
Eric Pittenger for this additional information.
***
Apparently this is not the case.
Clarice
Olle has been kind enough to point out that the above is in fact
incorrect.
A bob-o-link (short for Robert
of Lincoln) is NOT the same bird as a whippoorwill.
This is confirmed on the site
at http://nationalzoo.si.edu/default.cfm
John Canepa as
also provided the following information:
Bobolinks and whippoorwills
are two different birds. The bobolink is a small-medium size bird
dwelling in open fields where it makes its nest on the ground and has one
of the most amazing and hysterical songs ever. The whippoorwill is
a medium size bird, active at night, with plumage so as that you
practically step on them as they rest on the forest floor. An interesting
note about the whippoorwill is that they will come to rest in a circle,
with their tails all facing in so that they can be protected from danger.
Susan
Vanderveen also confirms - I respectively submit the
information that a Bobolink and Whip-poor-will are not two terms for one
bird. They are two very distinct species.
|
| BUCK |
A BRACE
OR CLASH of bucks.
Michael Haberl
|
| BUDGERIGARS |
A CHATTER
of budgerigars. |
BUFFALO |
A HERD,
TROUP, GANG or OBSTINACY of buffalo |
| BULLOCKS |
A DROVE
of bullocks. |
| BUTTERFLIES |
A SWARM
or RABBLE of butterflies.
A KALEIDOSCOPE
of
butterflies.
Christina Gonzales
A FLUTTER
of butterflies.
(Priscilla Weikert sent in this one)
|
| BUZZARDS |
A WAKE
of buzzards.
Courtesy of Melissa Bee |
| CAMELS |
A CARAVAN,
FLOCK or TRAIN of camels. |
| CARIBOU |
A HERD
of caribou. |
| CATERPILLARS |
An
ARMY of caterpillars.
Courtesy of Melissa Bee |
CATTLE |
A HERD, DROVE or DRIFT of cattle.
A MOB of cattle
(US and Australia*)
*John Slay |
| CATS |
A CLOWDER
of cats. (sent in by Paul Chapin)
A POUNCE of cats.
A KINDLE, LITTER OR INTRIGUE
(for kittens)
Courtesy of Melissa Bee
A CLUTTER of
cats.
A
COMFORT of
cats.
Contributed by
Gary Goldring |
| CHEETAHS |
A COALITION
of
cheetahs Submitted by Lisa
Ashley Mayock |
CHICKEN |
A BROOD, CLUTCH,
flock, run or PEEP of chicken |
| CHICKS |
A CLUTCH
OR CHATTERING of chicks.
Thanks to Michael Haberl |
| CHOUGHS |
A CHATTERING
of choughs. |
| CLAMS |
A BED
of clams
(contributed by Clyde Hogendobler) |
| COATI (COATIMUNDI) |
A BAND
of coati (coatimundi) |
| COBRAS |
A QUIVER
of
cobras
Michael Haberl |
| COCKROACHES |
An INTRUSION of cockroaches.
Courtesy of Melissa Bee |
| COLTS |
A RAG
of colts. |
| COOTS |
A COVERT
or COVER* of coots.
* Courtesy of Melissa Bee |
| CORMORANTS |
A GULP
(SOLITUDE)* OR FLIGHT
of cormorants.
*Courtesy of Melissa Bee
|
| COWS |
A KINE
of cows (12 cows are a FLINK)
Michael Haberl |
| COYOTE |
A PACK
of coyotes
A TRAIN
of
coyotes
Donald Kross
A BAND
of coyotes
Michael Haberl
|
| CRABS |
A BUSHEL
of crabs
Submitted by Kristen Reece |
CRANES |
A HERD,
SEIGE or SEDGE*
of cranes * Courtesy of Melissa Bee |
| CROCODILES |
A CONGREGATION
or NEST
A BASK
or FLOAT of crocodiles.
Michael Haberl
A STRIKER
(unconfirmed)
Mike Paget
|
| CROWS |
A MURDER of crows Jill Dobbs,
Rachael Blomeley and anon.)
A HORDE of crows.
Courtesy of
Melissa Bee
|
CUBS |
A LITTER of cubs |
CURLEW |
A HERD of curlew |
| CURS |
A COWARDICE
of
curs.
Michael Haberl |
DEER
ROE DEER |
A HERD,
LEASH or MOB of deer
A BEVY
of roe deer.
Courtesy of Melissa Bee |
| DOGFISH |
A TROOP
of dogfish |
DOGS |
A PACK (wild dogs) or KENNEL of dogs
A COWARDICE of curs.
)
A LITTER of puppies.
Courtesy of Melissa Bee |
| DOLPHINS |
A SCHOOL
of dolphins. A POD
of dolphins.
Thanks
to Audrie Dugger |
| DONKEYS |
A HERD
or PACE of donkeys/asses
Courtesy of Melissa Bee
Michael Haberl
|
| DOTTEREL |
A TRIP
of dotterel.
Courtesy of Melissa Bee
Apparently a Dotterel is a rare plover
of upland areas of Eurasia.
Thanks to
Linwood Lyons for supplying this useful information.
|
DOVES |
A FLIGHT, DULE
or DOLE of doves.
A PITYING of turtle doves.
Courtesy of Melissa Bee A
PLAGUE of doves
Jay Johnson |
DUCKS |
A RAFT, PADDLING or BUNCH of ducks on water.
A TEAM, BRACE,
BED, FLIGHT OR FLOCK* of wild ducks in flight.
Courtesy of Melissa Bee |
DUNLINS |
A FLING of dunlins |
| EAGLES |
A CONVOCATION
of eagles.
A CONGREGATION
of eagles.
Sent in by
Mike Field
|
| EELS |
An ARRAY
of eels.
John Beumer
A SEETHING
of eels.
David
Thomson |
ELEPHANTS |
A HERD or PARADE* of elephants
*also Raila and Jon Foley A
CRASH
of
elephants.
Submitted by Susan Walsh |
ELK
|
A HERD of elk.
A GANG of elk (US) |
| EMUS |
A MOB
of
emus.
Michael Haberl |
| FERRETS |
A BUSINESS
of ferrets
(contribtued by Clyde Hogendobler,
Phillip Joss & Brian Schott)
|
FINCHES |
A CHARM of finches |
FISH |
A SHOAL, DRAFT,
NEST, SCHOOL* of fish.
A RUN of fish in motion.
*Courtesy of Melissa Bee |
| FLAMINGOES |
A STAND
of flamingoes.
Courtesy of Melissa Bee
A FLAMBOYANCE
of
flamingoes.
Sent in by Kevin Yocum
|
FLIES |
A CLOUD,
HATCH, BUSINESS* or SWARM of flies.
*Courtesy of Melissa Bee |
| FOXES |
A SKULK
of foxes
(contributed by Clyde Hogendobler)
A CLOUD, TROOP,
or COMPANY of foxes.
A LEASH OR EARTH of foxes.*
*Courtesy of Melissa Bee
|
| FROGS |
An ARMY
or COLONY of frogs.
Michael Haberl
A KNOT
of frogs.
Luke Fewings
|
GEESE |
A
GAGGLE or
FLOCK of geese.
A SKEIN, TEAM or WEDGE of
geese (in the air)
A PLUMP of geese (on water) |
| GERBILS |
A HORDE
of gerbils. |
GIRAFFES |
A
CORPS, TROOP,
HERD , TOWER*,
KINDERGARTEN** or JOURNEY***
of giraffes
* Courtesy of Melissa
Bee ** Courtesy of James Marohn
***Raila and Jon Foley |
| GNATS |
A CLOUD
OR HORDE of gnats.
Courtesy of Melissa Bee |
| GNUS |
An IMPLAUSIBILITY
of
gnus.
Andrew Davidson |
GOATS |
A FLOCK, HERD or TRIBE of goats
A TRIP
of goats (This is not one I have heard of before - thank you Lee Lundberg) |
| GOLDFINCHES |
A CHARM
of goldfinches. |
| GOLDFISH |
A TROUBLING
of goldfish. |
| GORILLAS |
A BAND
of gorillas
(contributed by
Clyde Hogendobler) |
| GRASSHOPPERS |
A CLOUD
of grasshoppers. |
| GREYHOUNDS |
A LEASH
of greyhounds. |
GROUSE |
A PACK or COVEY of grouse |
| GUILLEMOTS |
A BAZAAR
of guillemots. |
| GUINEA FOWL |
A CONFUSION
of guinea fowl.
Alexandra
Bylczynski |
| GUINEA PIGS |
A GROUP
of guinea pigs
Mike Holden |
| GULLS |
A COLONY
of gulls.
Courtesy of Melissa Bee |
| HAMSTERS |
A HORDE
of hamsters.
Thanks to Margie and John for this. |
| HARES |
A HUSK,
DOWN or MUTE of hares.
A TRACE
of hares.
Alexandra
Bylczynski
|
| HAWKS |
A CAST,
KETTLE (flying in large numbers) or BOIL (two or more) of hawks.
Courtesy of Melissa Bee |
| HEDGEHOGS |
An ARRAY of hedgehogs. |
| HENS |
A BROOD
of hens. |
| HERONS |
A SCATTERING,
SEIGE or SEDGE*
of herons.
* Courtesy of Melissa Bee
|
| HERRING |
An ARMY of herring.
Courtesy of Melissa Bee |
| HIPPOPOTAMI |
A BLOAT
of hippopotami (or hippopotamuses) |
| HOGS |
A DRIFT
or PARCEL of hogs.
Michael Haberl |
| HORNETS |
A NEST
of hornets.
Courtesy of Melissa Bee |
HORSES |
A STUD or STRING
of horses (Breeding)
A TEAM, HARRAS,
PAIR or RAG
of horses (i.e. colts.)*
A FIELD, HERD, REMUDA, SET
or STABLE of horses.
*Courtesy of Melissa Bee
|
HOUNDS |
A PACK, KENNEL, MUTE or CRY of hounds
Possibly LEASH
of hounds (but cannot confirm this fact)
Thanks to John Branda
for this suggestion. |
| HYENAS |
A CACKLE
of hyenas.
Courtesy of Melissa Bee |
INSECTS |
A SWARM of insects |
| JACKRABBITS |
A HUSK
of jackrabbits. |
| JAYS |
A PARTY
or SCOLD of jays.
Courtesy of Melissa Bee |
| JELLYFISH |
A BROOD,
SMUCK or SMACK
of jellyfish. |
KANGAROOS |
A MOB or TROOP of kangaroos |
KITTENS |
A
KENDLE, KINDLE or LITTER of kittens. |
| LADYBIRDS
(LADYBUGS/LADYBEETLES) |
A LOVELINESS
of ladybirds.
Sent in by Simon Odell - not authenticated but too nice to omit. |
| LAPWINGS |
A DESERT
or DECEIT* of lapwings.
*Courtesy of Melissa Bee |
LARKS |
A BEVY of larks.
An EXALTATION of larks.
(contributed by Elazar Friedman)
An ASCENSION
of
larks. Michael Haberl |
| LEMURS |
A GROUP
of lemurs |
| LEOPARDS |
A LEAP
of leopards
(contributed by Clyde Hogendobler) |
| LICE |
A FLOCK
of lice. |
LIONS |
A PRIDE,
FLOCK, SAWT, SOUSE, or TROOP of lions. A
SAULT of lions.
Alexandra
Bylczynski
|
| LOCUSTS |
A CLOUD,
PLAGUE
or SWARM of locusts. |
| MAGPIES |
A TITTERING,
TIDING, GULP,
MURDER or CHARM* of magpies.
* Courtesy of Melissa Bee |
| MALLARDS |
A SORD
or BRACE* of mallards.
(sent in by Elazar Friedman)
* Courtesy of Melissa Bee |
| MARES |
A STUD
of
mares.
Michael Haberl |
| MARTENS |
A RICHNESS
of martens.
Courtesy of Melissa Bee
A RICHESSE
of martens.
Submitted by Jayne Collins
|
| MEERKATS |
A MOB
of meerkats.
Sent in by Kristin
Howard |
| MINNOWS |
A STEAM
of minnows. |
| MOLES |
A LABOUR
of moles.
Phillip Joss |
MONKEYS |
A TROOP,
CARTLOAD or BARREL*
of monkeys
* Courtesy of Melissa Bee |
| MOOSE |
A HERD
of moose. |
| MULES |
A BARREN,
PACK* or SPAN of mules.
* Courtesy of Melissa
Bee
|
| NIGHTINGALES |
A WATCH
of nightingales.
An ENCHANTMENT
of nightingales.
David Thomson
|
| OTTERS |
A FAMILY,
BEVY or ROMP* of otters.
* Courtesy of Melissa Bee
A RAFT
of otters
Submitted by Donald Cheek.
|
| OWLS |
A PARLIAMENT
of owls.
(thanks to anonymous contributor & Raila and Jon Foley)
A STARE or
WISDOM of
owls.
Grant Schneider
A STUDY of
owls.
Submitted by
Amelia B.
|
| OXEN |
A TEAM
or YOKE of oxen..
Courtesy of Melissa Bee
A DROVE or HERD
of
oxen
Michael Haberl
A SPAN* of
oxen
Submitted by Richard Bowen
*(I believe this may
refer to a team of two or more)
|
| OYSTERS |
A BED
of oysters Contributed by Clyde
Hogendobler and Kristen Reece |
| PARROTS |
A PANDEMONIUM
or COMPANY* of parrots.
* Courtesy of Melissa Bee
|
PARTRIDGES |
A COVEY of partridges |
| PEACOCKS |
A MUSTER
or OSTENTATION* of peacocks.
* Courtesy of Melissa Bee
A PULCHRITUDE of
peacocks.
*Suggested by S. M. Steven. |
| PEEPS |
A LITTER
of
peeps.
Michael Haberl |
PENGUINS |
A ROOKERY or COLONY*
of penguins
*
Courtesy of Melissa Bee |
PHEASANTS |
A HEAD, NYE, NEST,
, NIDE (BROOD)* or BEVY
of pheasants.
* Courtesy of Melissa Bee
A BOUQUET
of pheasants (in flight)
Alexandra
Bylczynski
|
PIGEONS |
A KIT of pigeons (flying together)
A FLOCK or FLIGHT
of
pigeons.
Michael Haberl I have been
advised by Terry West that this can also
be a "LOFT" of
pigeons. I am, however, a little nervous about this one as I know
pigeons' living quarters are called a Loft. You
question a 'loft' of pigeons because a loft may be a pigeon's home.
Many creatures can be referred to in this way - cf. a dray of
squirrels; and I wonder if a cete of badgers is not, at heart, a 'set'
of badgers.
Roger Whiteway |
PIGS |
A HERD,
TRIP or LITTER of pigs
A DRIFT, DROVE,
SOUNDER (swine), TEAM, PASSEL
(hogs)*
* Courtesy of Melissa Bee |
PLOVERS |
A STAND, WING OR CONGREGATION of plovers |
| PONIES |
A DROVE
OR STRING of ponies. |
| PORCUPINES |
A PRICKLE
of porcupines.
* Courtesy of Melissa Bee |
PORPOISES |
A HERD, SCHOOL or POD of porpoises. |
| PRAIRIE DOGS |
A COTERIE
of prairie
dogs.
Ken |
PTARMIGAN |
A COVEY of Ptarmigan |
PUPS |
A LITTER of pups
A PUDDLE
of puppies
(thanks to Sarah Smith for this one) |
QUAIL |
A BEVY, DRIFT or COVEY*
of quail
* Courtesy of Melissa Bee |
| RABBITS |
A BURY,
COLONY, CIRCLE,
NEST, HERD
(domestic), LITTER (young) of
rabbits.
* Courtesy of Melissa Bee
A TRACE
of rabbits.
Alexandra
Bylczynski
|
RACEHORSES |
A STRING of racehorses |
| RATS |
A COLONY
of rats.
A PACK or SWARM
of
rats.
Michael Haberl |
| RATTLESNAKES |
A RHUMBA
of
rattlesnakes.
Michael Haberl. |
| RAVENS |
An UNKINDNESS of ravens.
A MURDER
of
ravens.
Michelle Hellstern
|
| REINDEER |
A HERD
of reindeer. |
| RHINOS |
A CRASH
or HERD of rhinos
(contributed by Clyde
Hogendobler)
Michael Haberl/
Raila and Jon Foley
|
| ROEBUCKS |
A BEVY
of roebucks. |
| ROOKS |
A BUILDING
or ROOKERY of rooks.
A CLAMOUR of
rooks.
Michael Haberl
A PARLIAMENT
of rooks.
Clayton Deathe |
RUFFS |
A HILL of ruffs |
| SARDINES |
A
FAMILY
of sardines. |
| SASQUATCH |
A
PUNGENT
of sasquatch.
Lindsay
Boe |
| SCHNAUZERS |
A STENCH
of Schnauzers No complaints
please, this was sent in by DD a Schnauzer owner who is a Veterinary Surgeon (identity
protected by me, for obvious reasons!!!!) |
| SEA OTTERS |
A RAFT
of sea otters
Submitted by Donald Cheek. |
| SEAGULLS |
A FLOCK
of seagulls.
Jason Murray |
SEALS |
A HERD,
HAREM, TRIP or ROOKERY* of seals
A POD of seals (a small herd) Leigh-Anne
Kolasinski advises that the term "rookery" is normally
used for the place where seals give birth rather than as a collective
noun. I have noticed that
many of the collective nouns featured on the various pages do in fact
refer to the habitat rather than groups but these terms are
notoriously difficult to authenticate; even the most prestigious
dictionaries do not feature them, presumably for that reason. I
am led to believe, however, that the The Oxford Dictionary and
Thesaurus (ed. Maurice Waite, 2007) shows this term as being a
collective noun. |
| SHARKS |
A SHIVER
of sharks.
Courtesy of Melissa Bee |
SHEEP |
A FLOCK, HERD,
HIRSEL, PACK, DROVE* or TRIP of sheep
*Courtesy of Melissa Bee
A MOB
of sheep (Australian)
Courtesy of Anthony Coates |
| SKUNKS |
A SURFEIT
of skunks.
Mary Gutierrez |
| SKYLARKS |
An ASCENSION
of skylarks.
David Milne |
| SNAKES |
A DEN,
BED, PIT or SLITHER
of snakes.
A
NEST or KNOT of snakes.
Courtesy of Melissa Bee
A BROOD
of snakes (a family group)
Robert Richards
|
SNIPE |
A WISP or WALK of snipe |
| SPARROWS |
A HOST
of sparrows. |
| SQUIRRELS |
A DRAY*
or SCURRY* of squirrels.
* Courtesy of Melissa Bee
*
Laurel Parker has
pointed out -
"I believe the term "dray" of
squirrels is incorrect, since a dray is the name for a squirrel's
sleeping quarters, and most of the time there is only one squirrel
inhabiting a dray. At most, a dray would house a litter (2-4 babies)
plus mom but that is only twice a year.
Squirrels do use a buddy system when they can
and pair or triple up for safety ( this is not their mates but often
siblings or two weaker members of a greater community will buddy for
strength in numbers).
Any way you look at it, a dray doesn't hold much
of a group."
I did some research
on the subject and the term "dray" some appear to be the
popular choice, however, like Laurel, experts say that as squirrels
are fairly solitary creatures there is probably no need for a
collective noun.
I doubt if the lady
who sent in the photos featured on the following site would agree!
http://www.wildaboutbritain.co.uk/forums/mammal-forums/12141-do-i-really-deserve.html
|
| STARLINGS |
A MURMATION
of starlings.
(courtesy of Elazar Friedman)
A MURMURATION
of starlings. Corrected by Andrew Okulitch
A FILTH of
starlings
(courtesy of Wayne Bickley) |
| STORKS |
A MUSTERING
of storks.
Courtesy of Melissa Bee |
SWALLOWS |
A FLIGHT or GULP of swallows |
SWANS |
A GAME,
BANK, TEAM, HERD or BEVY*
of swans.
A WEDGE of swans in the air.
Courtesy of Melissa Bee
A LAMENTATION of
swans.
Michael Haberl |
| SWIFTS |
A FLOCK
of
swifts
Michael Haberl |
SWINE |
A HERD, DRIFT
OR SOUNDER of swine |
| TADPOLES |
A CLOUD
of tadpoles.
Summer
Robinson
Jim Arnosky's book A
Kettle of Hawks and other wildlife groups |
| TEAL |
A SPRING
of teal. |
| TERMITES |
A BROOD,
COLONY, NEST OR SWARM of termites. |
| THRUSHES |
A MUTATION
of thrushes. |
| TIGERS |
An AMBUSH or STREAK*
of tigers.
Courtesy of Melissa Bee |
| TOADS |
A
KNOT or KNAB of toads
(courtesy of Clyde Hogendobler) |
| TROUT |
A HOVER
of trout. |
| TURKEYS |
A RAFTER
or GANG* of turkeys.
Courtesy of Melissa Bee |
| TURTLE DOVES |
A PITYING
or DULE of turtle doves.
Courtesy of Melissa Bee |
| TURTLES |
A BALE,
DOLE or NEST* of turtles
(contributed by Clyde Hogendobler)
A TURN of turtles.
* Courtesy of Melissa Bee
|
| UNICORNS |
A BLESSING
of unicorns.
Submitted by Jayne Collins. |
| VIPERS |
A NEST
of vipers.
Courtesy of Melissa Bee |
| VULTURES |
A COMMITTEE
of
vultures.
Contributed by Kevin Yocum |
| WALRUSES |
A HERD
or POD of walruses. |
| WASPS |
A PLADGE
of wasps.
A PAIL
of wasps.
A NEST
of
wasps.
Alexandra
Bylczynski
|
WATERFOWL |
A BUNCH, KNOB, TRIP
or PLUMP* of waterfowl
* Courtesy of Melissa Bee |
| WEASELS |
A **BOOGLE,
GANG, *CONFUSION
or PACK of weasels.
**
Contributed by Dr Scott A McGinlay BVMS
MRCVS DVM
*Submitted by Wayne Bickley
|
WHALES |
A SCHOOL, HERD or GAM of whales
A POD of whales (small school)
A GRIND of bottle nose whales |
WIDGEON |
A COMPANY or TRIP of widgeon |
WILDFOWL |
A BUNCH, TRIP or PLUMP of wildfowl.
A KNOB of wildfowl (less than
30) |
WOLVES |
A PACK or ROUT of wolves |
| WOODCOCKS |
A FALL
of woodcocks. |
| WOODPECKERS |
A DESCENT
of woodpeckers. |
WRENS |
A HERD of wrens A
CHIME of
wrens
Phillip Joss |
| ZEBRAS |
A ZEAL,
HERD | |
